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Infant & School Age Resources
Orientation and Mobility Instruction is a
sequential process in which visually impaired individuals are
taught to utilize their remaining senses to determine their
position within their environment and to negotiate safe movement
from one place to another. The skills involved in this teaching
include but are not limited to:
 | Concept Development, which includes body image, spatial,
temporal, positional, directional, and environmental
concepts |
| Motor Development, including motor skills needed for
balance, posture, and gait, as well as the use of adaptive
devices and techniques to assist those with multiple
disabilities. |
| Sensory Development, which includes visual, auditory,
vestibular, kinesthetic, tactile, olfactory, and
proprioceptive senses, and the interrelationships of these
systems. |
| Residual Vision Stimulation and Training |
| Familiarization |
| Sighted Guide Technique |
| Upper and Lower Protective Techniques |
| Locating Dropped Objects |
| Trailing |
| Squaring-off |
| Cane Techniques |
| Soliciting/Declining Assistance |
| Following Directions |
| Utilizing Landmarks |
| Search Patterns |
| Compass Directions |
| Route Planning |
| Analysis and Identification of Intersections and Traffic
Patterson |
| The use of Traffic Control Devices |
| Techniques for Crossing Streets |
| Techniques for travel in indoor environments, outdoor
residential, small and large business
districts, mall travel, and rural areas. |
| Problem Solving |
| The Use of Public Transportation |
| Evaluation with Sun Filters for the Reduction of Glare |
| Instructional Use of Low Vision Devices |
| Map Reading |
|
The
Role of the Orientation and Mobility Teacher in the Public School.
Everett Hill, Ed.D.
Im
Starting to Walk I Can Use a Cane! Bronwen
Scott, "Insight" (UK), Issue 9, May-June 2007.
Blind Babies Foundation.
List of Resources and Fact Sheets.
Program
Guidelines for Visually Impaired Students. CA Dept
of Education.
1997 Revision. The guidelines, revised in 1997, were developed cooperatively
by teachers, parents, and administrators to serve as a model for providing a
quality, cost effective education to visually impaired students
that includes the requirements
of state and federal laws.
Families,
Babies, and O&M: Early Conversations. Tanni L. Anthony, Ph.D., COMS
Early
Vision Assessment in Visually Impaired Children at the TRC Sweden by Eva
Lindstedt. Visual rehabilitation
practices at a centre for visually handicapped children in Sweden are
described and a new vision test, specifically designed for the young
visually and/or multiply impaired child, is presented. The British Journal
of Visual Impairment, Summer 1986, Vol., No. 2.
DOWNLOAD: Article:
Infant Massage and the Benefits for Children with Blindness or
Visual Impairment. Grace Lappin
DOWNLOAD: Article:
An
Update on the Early Intervention Training Center for
Infants and Toddlers with Visual Impairments. L. Penny
Rosenblum, Ph.D., Deborah Hatton, Ph.D.
GROSS
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS WITH MULTIPLE IMPAIRMENTS by Rita Snell,
MA, RPT
ORIENTATION
& MOBILITY/COMMUNITY-BASED INSTRUCTION INFUSION SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART
by Karyl Moore. Corpus Christi Independent School District
DOWNLOAD: Article:
20 Tips to Promote Positive Self-Esteem. Richard D. Lavoie, M.A., M.Ed. (.pdf)
(html)
Empowering
Families of
Young Children With Visual Impairments. Deborah D. Hatton, Ph.D
DOWNLOAD: Article: Voices
of Experience: Making the Transition from High School to College by
Elizabeth Eagan,, Jose Maquez, Joe Orozco, and Tenchita Urteaga
COLLEGE,
HERE I COME! By Jody W. Iannuzi
What
do you say? Talking to your child about their vision loss. Foundation
Fighting Blindness
Non-verbal
communication: Cues, signals and symbols. Durkel, J. (1999) This article
defines the difference between cues, signals and symbols.
Autism
in the Visually Impaired Child. Terese Pawletko, Ph.D. & Lorraine
Rocissano, Ph.D.
Psychology
Department, Maryland School for the Blind.
Teaching
Students with Visual and Multiple Impairments. TSBVI
The
O&M Listening Test. TSBVI
O&M
Night Travel. By Diane Barnes, COMS
DOWNLOAD: Article:
Tools
of the Trunk. by Judi Ross, TVI. On itinerant
teaching.
TSBVI
Instructional Resource Page.
Orientation
and Mobility: Preschool Style By Cecelia Quintana, COMS
Preliminary
Training Guide to Teaching Human Echolocation, by Daniel Kish, M.A.,
M.A., COMS, NOMC and Hannah Bleier. This is a quick start, practical training
guide to help teach echolocation.
"When
Darkness Lights the Way" How the blind may function as specialists in
movement and navigation, by Daniel Kish, a totally blind Orientation and
Mobility Specialist, description of how the blind may function as
specialists in movement and navigation. It serves as a very detailed
expose on his experiences both in training,
and in the profession. An exhaustive array of issues are covered in depth.
Careful attention is given to the maintenance of the highest professional
and ethical standards.
DOWNLOAD:
Article:"Acoustic
Navigation in Premature, Blind Children" by Steve Charles, MD
Charles Retina Institute. Dr. Charles, world renowned vitreoretinal surgeon
and engineer, documents his observations of young infants spontaneously
producing oral signals for the apparent purpose of
gaining navigational information.
"Facilitating
Movement and Navigation in Blind Pre-Schoolers: A Positive, Practical
Approach" Daniel Kish, M.A.
Hannah Bleier, M.A.Sandra Moser, M.A.This report, written with many
thousands of collective hours of experience with blind preschoolers
discusses the psychology of learning in the preschooler and presents many
practical methods of facilitating movement competenc
Teaching
mobility, to visually impaired children a special school. by Richard
Ellis. The following article discusses the importance of mobility training
for children and describes the comprehensive programme employed at The West
of England School, Exeter. It brings out the present inadequacy of mobility
provision in some mainstream schools
and emphasises the need for more mobility officers trained to work with
children. The British Journal of Visual Impairment. Vol. 9 No. 1, March
1991.
Environmental
Checklist for Developing Independence. TSBVI
MIVI
O&M CHECKLIST. Heidi Anderson, COMS and Carolina Martinez , COMS.
Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. This checklist was
recently developed for assessing children with blindness and multiple
impairments.
THE
ROLES OF PERCEPTION AND COGNITION IN CONTROLLING THE MOBILITY TASK.
Emerson Foulke (presented at International Symposium on Orientation and
Mobility, Trondheim, Norway, 1996)
Tips
for Teachers with Students with RP Foundation Fighting Blindness.
First
introduction to tactiles. by Ronald Hinton. Blind pupils are sometimes
expected to make sense of tactiles without the period of pre-picture-reading
activity, which is vital to understanding but whose importance we tend to
overlook in the fully sighted child because much of it occurs so early. This
article will discuss ways of introducing very young blind children to
tactile pictures, maps and diagrams, and then reinforcing and developing
their experiences. The British Journal of Visual Impairment. Vol. 9 No. 3.
November 1991.
Two
techniques for encouraging movement and exploration in the visually impaired
child. by Kim Morsley, Christopher Spencer and Kate Baybutt. Improving
the quality of life of young blind children can, in many cases, be brought
about by relatively straightforward changes. these need not depend upon high
technology nor upon a high input of time from teachers or parents. This
article presents an evaluation of two techniques designed to overcome two
major obstacles which may be preventing the young child from achieving his
or her potential. These obstacles are the tendency of the child to veer off
the intended course and, in some children, the lack of confidence
which impedes exploration and travel. The British Journal of Visual
Impairment. Vol. 9 No. 3. November 1991.
The
role of tactile maps in mobility training. by Simon Ungar, Mark Blades
and Christopher Spencer. Tactile maps can have both immediate and long term
benefits in helping visually impaired children to find their way through
their environment and to acquire spatial abilities. In a series of studies
(1991-92), reported in this article, the authors established that young
visually impaired children can understand and use tactile maps. The children
adopted a variety of strategies for acquiring information from a map, some
of which were more effective than others. In the final study, it was
established that training in a simple strategy can improve children's
performance in a map task. The British Journal of Visual Impairment Vol. 11
No. 2. July 1993.
Visually impaired children's strategies for memorising a map. by Simon
Ungar, Mark Blades and Christopher SpencerThis article describes research
carried out in 1993. 24 children with visual impairments and 22 sighted
children (aged seven to 15 years) were asked to learn a tactile map and then
reconstruct it from memory. While the children were learning the map they
gave continuous commentary on what they were thinking and doing. The
commentaries and map reconstructions were analysed to identify and assess
the learning strategies which the children used to memorise the map.
Overall, the reconstructions made by children with visual impairments were
less accurate than the ones made by sighted children. However, it was noted
that most of the children with visual impairments used strategies which were
inappropriate for the task. It is suggested that teaching appropriate
learning strategies would improve the ability of visually impaired children
to encode information from tactile maps. The British Journal of Visual
Impairment, March 1995.
Let's
play together! by Marianna Buultjens and Roseann Ferguson. The authors
outline the initial findings from the first year of a study (1993/94) of how
young blind children may be helped to develop exploratory skills, their own
creativity, and their understanding and representational use of objects.
This first year concentrated on the play behaviour of young educationally
blind children aged sixteen months to six years. The sixteen children in the
study were visited monthly and videoed at play. Preliminary results indicate
that it is easy to overlook or misinterpret what is happening in a blind
child's play. In fostering play, adults should have a vital, but
unobtrusive, role. The British Journal of Visual Impairment, Vol. 12, No. 3,
November 1994.
Helping
children: visions of a vision team approach. by Jayne Stokes. The
British Journal of Visual Impairment, Vol. 14, No.3, Autumn 1996.
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Foundations
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New
and Featured Books - American Foundation for the Blind
Bookstore
4. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness: Special Issue on
Orientation and Mobility.
10. Foundations of
Orientation and Mobility, Third Edition Volumes 1 & 2.
New
and Featured Books - American Foundation for the Blind
Bookstore
4. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness: Special Issue on
Orientation and Mobility.
10. Foundations of
Orientation and Mobility, Third Edition Volumes 1 & 2.
New
and Featured Books - American Foundation for the Blind
Bookstore
4. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness: Special Issue on
Orientation and Mobility.
10. Foundations of
Orientation and Mobility, Third Edition Volumes 1 & 2.
Vermont
Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired - ...
Directory of Services
employs teachers of the visually impaired, certified
orientation and mobility specialists, vision rehabilitation
therapists, and low vision rehabilitation
Association
for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
Uses volunteers. Ophthalmologist, optometrist, social
worker, orientation and mobility instructor, certified
rehabilitation therapist. Geographic area served
Alliance
for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
766-0600, Jmangum@enablinglives.org Charlese Pennington,
COMS (Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist), (901)
766-0600, cpennington@enablinglives.org.
Cherry
Creek School District - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Staff. Carol Berry, Teacher
of Visually Impaired, Orientation and Mobility, cberry7@cherrycreekschools.org
Barbara Galgano, Teacher of Visually Impaired and
Journal
of Visual Impairment & Blindness: Special Issue on ...
Bookstore
Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness: Special Issue
on Orientation and Mobility.
Related Links By
Subject. Orientation and Mobility (O&M). Featured Item.
Center
for Deaf-Blind Persons - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Employment
Services; Independent Living Skills; Leisure Skills; Orientation and Mobility
(Travel Skills) Other Direct Services; Support Group; Individual
Adjustment
Allegheny
Intermediate Unit: Special Education Division, Blind/ ...
Directory of Services
affects their educational performance. Teaching activities,
including orientation and mobility instruction, and Braille
instruction, focus on the acquisition
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Cabell-Wayne
Association of the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Toni Walls, Certified Vision Rehabilitation
Therapist and Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist,
(304) 522-6991 17, cwabcoms@cabellwayne.org Dianna Ward
Keystone
Blind Association - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Teacher
Kathleen Buskirk, Rehabilitation Specialist Luanne Cade, Orientation
and Mobility Specialist Marie Ditz, Vending Manager Mike Nicol,
Information
Lighthouse
of the Big Bend - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Ross, Executive Director Amanda Bernath, TVI, COMS,
Orientation & Mobility/Transition Specialist Elizabeth
Bowden, Assistive Technology Instructor Jennifer
Missouri
Rehabilitation Services for the Blind - AFB ...
Directory of Services
reading and writing Braille, Assistive technology training,
orientation and mobility, communication skills, personal
management skills, home management, and
Cincinnati
Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired - ...
Directory of Services
Job
Postings. 5/21/2012 Orientation & Mobility Specialist.
Cincinnati Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB
Directory Profile.
The
Hatlen Center for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
40 Number of staff: 11 full time Staff description: 2 1/2 mobility
instructors, 2 1/2 living skills instructors, one adaptive technology
instructor, Executive
Wisconsin
Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
placement. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
orientation and mobility training. Recreation Services:
Leader
Dogs for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
guide dogs to people who are blind and visually impaired to
enhance their mobility, independence and quality of life.
Founded by three Lions Club members, we
Lighthouse
of Broward County - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
training. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
orientation and mobility training. Rehabilitation Services:
Western
Michigan University: Department of Blindness and Low ...
Directory of Services
guth@wmich.edu Dae Kim, Assistant Professor and Coordinator
of the Orientation and Mobility for Adults Program, (269)
387-3447, dae.kim@wmich.edu Helen Lee
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Montgomery
County Association for the Blind - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training by a full time specialist on staff. Also provides sun lens
evaluations, environmental
Visually
Handicapped Services, Detroit Receiving Hospital and ...
Directory of Services
of blindness training for ages 16 through adult and offers
training in mobility, braille, computer, low vision
aids and kitchen skills. Also performs college
The
STAR Center, Inc. - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
starcenter.tn.org Chuck Doumitt, Program Director, cdoumitt@starcenter.tn.org
Deena Smith, Orientation and Mobility Specialist, dsmith@starcenter.tn.org.
Stephen
F. Austin State University: Department of Human ...
Directory of Services
Handicapped, Dual Competency, bbryan@sfasu.edu Robert
Bryant, Orientation and Mobility Specialist, bbryant@sfasu.edu
Dixie Mercer, Visually Handicapped, dmercer
Salus
University - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
the exception of the full-time masters degree
in orientation and mobility, are now available through distance
education. All distance education masters
Alabama
Department of Rehabilitation Services
Senior Site
Orientation and Mobility. Limited Orientation & Mobility
instruction provided. Professional Training.
Blind
Childrens Center - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: The orientation and mobility
instructor provides individualized mobility training on the
premises, at home, and in the community.
Olmsted
Center for Sight - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Low Vision Services: Offers low vision services.
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training.
Nebraska
Center for the Education of Children Who Are Blind ...
Directory of Services
demonstrated. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
orientation and mobility training. Preschool Programs:
Vista
Center - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training for all ages. Contracts with school districts in Santa Clara
and San Benito Counties to
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Association
for Vision Rehabilitation and Employment, Inc. - ...
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offered through this program include travel training for
orientation and mobility, rehabilitation
therapy for independence and communications, a low vision
VISIONS/Services
for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
for professionals. Publications teach sensory development,
basic indoor mobility, and personal management. Instructional
textbooks with structured tasks and
Rehabilitation
specially trained rehabilitation teacher,
vision rehabilitation therapist, orientation and mobility
specialist, social worker, mental
health specialist, or low
Pennsylvania
Department of Labor and Industry, Office of ...
Directory of Services
and guidance; vocational evaluation; blindness skills
training; orientation and mobility instruction; rehabilitation
teaching; vocational and college training
Central
Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired - ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Professionals teach
consumers how to determine their location and travel safely in the
home, school, workplace, or community.
AFB
eNews
AFB eNews. June 2010. AFB Press
Releases Third Edition of "Foundations of Orientation and Mobility".
Montana
School for the Deaf and Blind - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
Low Vision Services: Provides low vision evaluation and
follow-up. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
The
Seeing Eye - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Dog guide mobility
training. Partnering with a Seeing Eye dog adds a new level of mobility,
independence and self-confidence
Duluth
Lighthouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
218) 624-4828, hhanson@lighthousefortheblind-duluth.org
Marsha Lee, Orientation & Mobility, (218) 624-4828, mklee@lighthousefortheblind-duluth.org
Sandra Wilmot
Lions
Center for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
description: Our instructional staff consists of certified
Orientation and Mobility instructors, vision rehabilitation
instructors and experts in the fields of
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Kansas
Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services: ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training. Rehabilitation Services: Provides
Visually
Impaired Center - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Vision Rehabilitation Therapist, Certified Diabetes
Educator/RN, Orientation & Mobility Instructor and Fund
Development/Marketing Manager. VIC also has about
NSSEO
Vision Support Services - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training. Rehabilitation
Services: Provides
Royer-Greaves
School for Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
only. Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation
and mobility training. Recreation Services: Offers
Affiliated
Blind of Louisiana - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Offers vocational training program, job skills, interview
skills, transition. Orientation and Mobility:
Lighthouse
for the Blind of the Palm Beaches - AFB ...
Directory of Services
services include Job Readiness, Independent Living Skills,
Orientation & Mobility, Technology Instruction, Community
Education, and Summer Camp. Hours of
UDS
Low Vision Services - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Job
Postings. 2/25/2009 Orientation & Mobility Specialist,
Akron, Ohio. UDS Low Vision Services - AFB Directory Profile.
Wyoming
Department of Education: Services for the Visually ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Assists clients to become
oriented to their environment. Recreation Services:
US
Department of Veterans Affairs: Southwestern Blind ...
Directory of Services
per year: 375 Number of staff: 59 Staff description:
Orientation & Mobility Specialists, Rehab Teachers, Low
Vision Specialists, Computer Instructors, Manual
Hawaii
Department of Human Services: Ho'opono Services for ...
Directory of Services
devices. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
orientation and mobility training. Recreation Services:
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Florida
Center for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
for services available to them. Education
and training are provided in braille, mobility skills, daily
living skills, cooking, and leisure time activities. The
Beaver
County Association for the Blind - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Instruction is provided in
the skills necessary to enable a visually impaired person to travel
independently and safely in a
Indiana
School for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Orientation and Mobility
(O&M) is offered to students who attend the Indiana School for the
Blind or access the outreach programs
at
US
Department of Veterans Affairs: Augusta Blind ...
Directory of Services
per year: 150 Number of staff: 22 Staff description:
Orientation & Mobility, Visual Skills, Living Skills,
Manual Skills, Family Outreach Coordinator, Physician
Evansville
Association for the Blind - AFB Directory Profile
Directory of Services
Specialist Diane Hagler, Rehabilitation
Department Carol Hudgions, Coordinator, Career
Development Center Krysti Hughes, Orientation and Mobility
Specialist.
Northeastern
Association of the Blind at Albany - AFB ...
Directory of Services
vision. Orientation and Mobility: Provides
orientation and mobility training. Rehabilitation
Services:
Bureau
of Rehabilitative Services-BESB Program - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Provides orientation and mobility
training. Recreation Services:
Events.
Alaska
Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
and residential instruction in activities of daily living,
orientation and mobility, braille, assistive technology, manual
skills, job development and placement
Colorado
School for the Deaf and the Blind - AFB Directory ...
Directory of Services
Orientation and Mobility: Offers a short-term course
in orientation and mobility. Preschool Programs:
Virginia
Department for the Blind and Vision Impaired - AFB ...
Directory of Services
Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors, Rehabilitation
Teachers, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, Education
Coordinators, Rehab
Engineers, Deafblind
The OMC Program is a collaborative program between the Department of Blindness
and Low Vision Studies and Human Services and the Department of Educational
Studies (Special Education) and the College of Education. This program prepares
students interested in working as a TCVI or O&M Specialist with Children, or
a dual program of both TCVI and O&M. The focus in this program is on the
specific skills required for helping children with visual impairments to learn
to lead full and productive lives.
Many choose to become dually certified in both TCVI and OMC. This combination of
preparation helps the professional to understand and meet the total needs of the
child. The combination is also in high demand in primarily rural areas where the
number of children with visual impairments is too low to employ professionals
separately educated in TCVI or OMC.
TCVI's, OMC's, and TCVI/OMC's work primarily in public schools and residential
schools for children with visual impairments. Personnel shortages exist in most
states in the nation for people educated in these areas.
About the TCVI
The TCVI teaches children with visual impairments the skills they will need to
lead successful lives. These skills fall into two major areas:
1) skills that are needed to support the full participation academic curriculum,
and
2) skills from the "expanded core," or vision specific curriculum,
that need to be specifically taught to students with visual impairments to
accommodate their educational needs.
Responsibilities regarding support for the academic curriculum include working
in multiple ways with the regular classroom teacher to assure that the student
with visual impairments can access the regular curriculum. Duties include
transcribing materials into Braille or large print, modifying materials so they
can be read tactually, and modifying test materials to accommodate for
information not available through the visual channel.
In addition to modifying the typical curriculum, TCVI's are responsible for
teaching children with visual impairment in the expanded core skill areas,
including teaching Braille, daily living skills, social skills, adapted computer
technology, and recreation and leisure activities. These skills are typically
learned incidentally from watching others and are not readily available to
children with visual impairments without specific instruction. The TCVI (and
OMC) will take the lead in teaching these skills to students with visual
impairments and in helping parents and others to assist children to learn such
skills.
About OMC
OMC professionals also assist children with visual impairments to attain the
skills they need to live successful lives. The OMC's responsibilities center
mainly on skills such as independent travel and daily living skills. In addition
to the typical O&M sequence (see Orientation and Mobility for Working Age
Adults), OMC professionals help children learn fundamental skills that support
independence such as gross and fine motor skills, auditory skills, concept
development, exploration and curiosity, problem solving, and environmental
experiential activities.
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